- Trust is treated as a scalar; real trust is networked and heterogeneous → **extension: T on a graph** (deception spreads on a trust network; ℛ₀ becomes a spectral property of the network).
- Parameters are treated as exogenous; institutions (δ) actually *respond* to D → **extension: adaptive/endogenous δ(D)**, giving a three-variable system with richer dynamics (regulatory pendulum modeled explicitly).
- Deterministic; real invasions are stochastic → **extension: stochastic ℛ₀**, invasion probabilities near the threshold.