| Digital change | Parameter effect | Model prediction |
|---|---|---|
| **Personalization** (targeted manipulation) | ↑ γ (exploitation more efficient) | ↑ ℛ₀, ↑ D\*, ↓ T\* |
| **Verifiability collapse** (synthetic media, opacity) | ↓ ρ ⇒ ↓ δ | ↑ ℛ₀, and can flip ℛ₀ past 1 |
| **Reputation decoupling** (anonymity, platform churn) | ↓ φ ⇒ ↓ δ | ↓ equilibrium trust *T\* = δ/γ* |
| **Scale / automation** | ↑ β (faster trust extraction) | larger-amplitude oscillations → sharper bubble–bust |